Barriers to communication, Rai (2009)

Barriers can be divided into three groups:

• physical and external – mechanical defects in devices, medium, tools – to overcome postpone or use alternative medium (e.g. phone, post, courier, electronic media). Noise is another issue e.g. traffic, people, factory work. Oral messages through levels of authority create communication gap i.e. chinese whispers. internal which includes upward and downward communication.
• semantic and language – used for encoding
• socio-psychological – nature of sender or recipients